Indlela yokuvelisa yombane ongatshintshiyo

Ngokuqhelekileyo, umbane ongatshintshiyo uveliswa ngenxa yokukhuhlana okanye ukufakwa.

Umbane we-Frictional static uveliswa yintshukumo yeentlawulo zombane ezenziwa ngexesha lokudibana, ukukhuhlana, okanye ukwahlula phakathi kwezinto ezimbini. Umbane ongatshintshiyo oshiywe kukungqubana phakathi kwee-conductor udla ngokuba buthathaka, ngenxa ye-conductivity enamandla yee-conductor. Iiyoni eziveliswa yi-friction ziya kukhawuleza zihambe kunye kwaye zinciphise ngexesha kunye nasekupheleni kwenkqubo yokukhuhla. Emva kokungqubana kwe-insulator, umbane ophezulu we-electrostatic unokuveliswa, kodwa isixa sentlawulo sincinci kakhulu. Oku kuchongwa ngesakhiwo somzimba we-insulator ngokwayo. Kulwakhiwo lwemolekyuli yesithinteli, kunzima ukuba ii-electron zihambe ngokukhululekileyo zikhululekile ekubopheleleni kwinucleus yeatom, ngoko ke ukukhuhlana kukhokelela kumlinganiselo omncinci we-molecular or atomic ionization.

Umbane we-inductive static yintsimi yombane eyenziwe yintshukumo yee-electrons kwinto ephantsi kwesenzo sentsimi ye-electromagnetic xa into ikwintsimi yombane. Umbane ongashukumiyo we-inductive unokuveliswa kuphela kwii-conductor. Ifuthe lemihlaba ye-electromagnetic field kwii-insulators inokungahoywa.

Indlela yokukhupha i-Electrostatic

Sesiphi isizathu sokuba umbane ongundoqo we-220V unokubulala abantu, kodwa amawaka eevolthi ebantwini akanakubabulala? Umbane onqumla kwi-capacitor udibana nale fomyula ilandelayo: U=Q/C. Ngokwale fomyula, xa i-capacitance incinci kwaye inani lentlawulo lincinci, i-voltage ephezulu iya kuveliswa. Ngokwesiqhelo, amandla emizimba yethu kunye nezinto ezisingqongileyo mancinci kakhulu. Xa kuveliswa intlawulo yombane, intlawulo encinci yombane inokuvelisa amandla ombane aphezulu.” Ngenxa yexabiso elincinci lentlawulo yombane, xa ukhupha, umbane owenziweyo uncinci kakhulu, kwaye ixesha lifutshane kakhulu. I-voltage ayikwazi ukugcinwa, kwaye yangoku ihla ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu. “Ngenxa yokuba umzimba womntu ayisiyiyo i-insulator, iintlawulo ezimileyo eziqokelelwe kuwo wonke umzimba, xa kukho indlela yokuphuma, ziya kudibana. Ke ngoko, kuvakala ngathi umsinga uphezulu kwaye kukho imvakalelo yokothuka kombane. ” Emva kokuba umbane ongatshintshiyo uveliswe kwii-conductor ezifana nemizimba yabantu kunye nezinto zetsimbi, ukukhutshwa kombane kuya kuba kukhulu.

Kwizinto eziphathekayo ezineempawu ezintle zokugquma, enye kukuba inani lentlawulo yombane eveliswayo incinci kakhulu, kwaye enye kukuba umrhumo owenziweyo wombane unzima ukuhamba. Nangona i-voltage iphezulu, xa kukho indlela yokukhupha kwindawo ethile, intlawulo kuphela kwindawo yoqhagamshelwano kwaye ngaphakathi kwendawo encinci ekufutshane inokuhamba kwaye ikhuphe, ngelixa intlawulo kwindawo yoqhagamshelwano ayinakukhupha. Ngoko ke, nangona i-voltage yamashumi amawaka e-volts, amandla okukhutshwa nawo awanakuhoywa.

Iingozi zombane omileyo kumalungu e-elektroniki

Umbane ongatshintshiyo unokuba yingoziI-LEDs, kungekuphela nje "ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi" we-LED, kodwa kunye neediode ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunye neetransistors ezenziwe ngezinto ze-silicon. Kwanezakhiwo, imithi, kunye nezilwanyana zingonakaliswa ngumbane ongatshintshiyo (umbane luhlobo oluthile lombane ongatshintshiyo, kwaye asiyi kukuqwalasela apha).

Ke, umbane ongashukumiyo wonakaliswa njani amalungu e-elektroniki? Andifuni ukuya kude kakhulu, ndithetha nje malunga nezixhobo ze-semiconductor, kodwa zikhawulelwe kwiidiode, ii-transistors, ii-ICs, kunye nee-LED.

Umonakalo obangelwa ngumbane kumacandelo e-semiconductor ekugqibeleni ubandakanya okwangoku. Ngaphantsi kwesenzo sombane wombane, isixhobo sonakaliswe ngenxa yobushushu. Ukuba kukho umsinga, kufuneka kubekho i-voltage. Nangona kunjalo, ii-semiconductor diode zineendlela zokuhlangana ze-PN, ezinoluhlu lwe-voltage oluthintela okwangoku kuzo zombini iindlela zokuya phambili nasemva. Umqobo onokuthi ube phambili uphantsi, ngelixa umqobo onokuthi ubuyele umva uphezulu kakhulu. Kwisiphaluka, apho ukuchasana kuphezulu, i-voltage igxininiswe. Kodwa kwii-LEDs, xa i-voltage isetyenziselwa phambili kwi-LED, xa amandla ombane angaphandle engaphantsi kombane we-diode (ehambelana nobubanzi be-gap band), akukho okwangoku, kwaye i-voltage isetyenziswa isiphambuka sePN. Xa i-voltage isetyenziswe kwi-LED ngasemva, xa i-voltage yangaphandle ingaphantsi kwe-reverse breakdown voltage ye-LED, i-voltage iphinda isetyenziswe kwi-PN junction ngokupheleleyo. Ngeli xesha, akukho kwehla kwamandla ombane nokuba kukudityaniswa kwe-solder engalunganga ye-LED, isibiyeli, indawo ye-P, okanye indawo ye-N! Ngenxa yokuba akukho okwangoku. Emva kokuba i-PN junction idiliziwe, i-voltage yangaphandle yabelwana ngazo zonke izichasi kwisekethe. Apho ukuchasana kuphezulu, i-voltage eqhutywe yinxalenye iphezulu. Ngokubhekiselele kwii-LED ezichaphazelekayo, kungokwemvelo ukuba i-PN junction ithwala uninzi lwamandla ombane. Umbane oshushu owenziwe kwi-PN junction kukuhla kwe-voltage kuyo yonke iphindwe ngexabiso langoku. Ukuba ixabiso langoku alikhawulelwanga, ukushisa okugqithisileyo kuya kutshisa i-PN junction, eya kulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi wayo kwaye ingene.

Kutheni ii-ICs ngokwentelekiso zisoyika umbane ongashukumiyo? Ngenxa yokuba indawo yecandelo ngalinye kwi-IC incinci kakhulu, i-parasitic capacitance yecandelo ngalinye nayo incinci kakhulu (ngokuqhelekileyo umsebenzi wesiphaluka ufuna i-parasitic capacitance encinci). Ke ngoko, imali encinci yentlawulo ye-electrostatic iya kuvelisa amandla ombane aphezulu we-electrostatic, kwaye ukunyamezelana kwamandla kwecandelo ngalinye kuqhele ukuba kuncinci kakhulu, ngoko ke ukukhutshwa kwe-electrostatic kungonakalisa ngokulula i-IC. Nangona kunjalo, amacandelo aqhelekileyo ahlukeneyo, afana ne-diodes yamandla amancinci kunye nee-transistors zamandla amancinci, awoyiki kakhulu umbane ongatshintshiyo, kuba indawo yabo ye-chip inkulu kwaye i-parasitic capacitance inkulu kakhulu, kwaye akukho lula ukuqokelela amandla ombane aphezulu. kubo ngokwemimiselo ye-static ngokubanzi. Amandla aphantsi e-MOS transistors athanda ukonakala kwe-electrostatic ngenxa yomaleko obhityileyo wesango le-oxide kunye ne-parasitic capacitance encinci. Ngokuqhelekileyo bashiya umzi-mveliso emva kokujikeleza okufutshane kwee-electrode ezintathu emva kokupakishwa. Ekusetyenzisweni, kudla ngokufuneka ukuba kususwe indlela emfutshane emva kokugqitywa kwe-welding. Ngenxa yendawo enkulu ye-chip ye-MOS transistors yamandla aphezulu, umbane oqhelekileyo osisigxina awuyi kuwonakalisa. Ke uya kubona ukuba ii-electrode ezintathu zamandla e-MOS transistors azikhuselwanga ziisekethe ezimfutshane (abavelisi bokuqala basazijikelezisa ngaphambi kokuba bashiye umzi-mveliso).

I-LED eneneni ine-diode, kwaye indawo yayo inkulu kakhulu ngokumalunga necandelo ngalinye ngaphakathi kwe-IC. Ke ngoko, i-parasitic capacitance ye-LEDs inkulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, umbane osisigxina kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo awukwazi ukulimaza ii-LED.

Umbane we-electrostatic kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, ngakumbi kwi-insulators, unokuba nombane ophezulu, kodwa inani lentlawulo yokukhupha lincinci kakhulu, kwaye ixesha lokukhutshwa kwangoku lifutshane kakhulu. I-voltage yentlawulo ye-electrostatic eyenzelwe kwi-conductor isenokungabi phezulu kakhulu, kodwa ukukhutshwa kwangoku kusenokuba kukhulu kwaye kuhlala kuqhubeka. Oku kuyingozi kakhulu kumalungu e-elektroniki.

Kutheni umbane ongatshintshiyo wonakaliswaIitshiphusi ze-LEDayisoloko isenzeka

Masiqale ngesenzeko sokulinga. Ipleyiti yentsimbi yentsimbi ithwala i-500V yombane omileyo. Beka i-LED kwi-plate yensimbi (nikela ingqalelo kwindlela yokubeka ukuphepha iingxaki ezilandelayo). Ngaba ucinga ukuba i-LED iya konakala? Apha, ukonakalisa i-LED, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka isetyenziswe nge-voltage enkulu kune-voltage yayo yokuqhawula, oku kuthetha ukuba zombini i-electrode ye-LED kufuneka iqhagamshelane nepleyiti yentsimbi ngaxeshanye kwaye ibe nombane omkhulu kunowophuka. Njengoko ipleyiti yentsimbi ingumqhubi olungileyo, i-voltage efakwe kuyo yonke ilingana, kwaye into ebizwa ngokuba yi-500V voltage ihambelana nomhlaba. Ngoko ke, akukho mbane phakathi kwee-electrode ezimbini ze-LED, kwaye ngokwemvelo akuyi kubakho monakalo. Ngaphandle kokuba uqhagamshela i-electrode enye ye-LED ngepleyiti yentsimbi, kwaye udibanise enye i-electrode kunye ne-conductor (isandla okanye ucingo ngaphandle kweeglavu zokukhusela) emhlabeni okanye ezinye ii-conductor.

Le nto ingasentla yovavanyo isikhumbuza ukuba xa i-LED ikwindawo yombane, enye i-electrode kufuneka iqhagamshelane nomzimba we-electrostatic, kwaye enye i-electrode kufuneka iqhagamshelane nomhlaba okanye ezinye iikhondaktha ngaphambi kokuba zonakaliswe. Kwimveliso yangempela kunye nesicelo, kunye nobukhulu obuncinci bee-LED, kunqabile ukuba izinto ezinjalo zenzeke, ngakumbi kwiibhetshi. Iziganeko zengozi zinokwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, i-LED isemzimbeni we-electrostatic, kwaye enye i-electrode iqhagamshelana nomzimba we-electrostatic, ngelixa enye i-electrode imisiwe nje. Ngeli xesha, umntu ubamba i-electrode emisiwe, enokuthi yonakaliseUkukhanya kwe-LED.

Le nto ingasentla isixelela ukuba iingxaki ze-electrostatic azinakuhoywa. Ukukhutshwa kwe-Electrostatic kufuna isekethe ye-conductive, kwaye akukho bungozi ukuba kukho umbane ongatshintshiyo. Xa kuphela ukuvuza okuncinci kakhulu kwenzeka, ingxaki yomonakalo we-electrostatic ngengozi inokuqwalaselwa. Ukuba yenzeke ngobuninzi obukhulu, kunokwenzeka ukuba ibe yingxaki yokungcoliseka kwetshiphu okanye uxinzelelo.